Special to The Libertarian Enterprise
_Vasily-Vereshchagin-(1842–1904).jpg)
War Is A Racket
By Major General Smedley Butler
1935
Cover illustration:
The Apotheosis of War
by Vasily Vereshchagin (1842–1904)
oil on canvas
Dimensions 127 × 197 cm (50 × 77.6 in)
Current location Tretyakov Gallery, Moscow
at 10, Lavrushinsky Lane, room 27
Author's photo USMC
Contents
Chapter 1: War Is A Racket
Chapter 2: Who Makes The Profits?
Chapter 3: Who Pays The Bills?
Chapter 4: How To Smash This Racket!
Chapter 5: To Hell With War!
Smedley Darlington Butler
• Born: West Chester, Pa., July 30, 1881
• Educated: Haverford School
• Married: Ethel C. Peters, of Philadelphia, June 30, 1905
• Awarded two congressional medals of honor:
1. capture of Vera Cruz, Mexico, 1914
2. capture of Ft. Riviere, Haiti, 1917
• Distinguished service medal, 1919
• Major General—United States Marine Corps
• Retired Oct. 1, 1931
• On leave of absence to act as
director of Dept. of Safety, Philadelphia, 1932
• Lecturer— 1930's
• Republican Candidate for Senate, 1932
• Died at Naval Hospital, Philadelphia, June 21, 1940
• For more information about Major General Butler,
contact the United States Marine Corps.
War Is A Racket
WAR is a racket. It always has been.
It is possibly the oldest, easily the most profitable, surely the most vicious. It is the only one
international in scope. It is the only one in which the profits are reckoned in dollars and the
losses in lives.
A racket is best described, I believe, as something that is not what it seems to the majority of
the people. Only a small "inside" group knows what it is about. It is conducted for the benefit
of the very few, at the expense of the very many. Out of war a few people make huge
fortunes.
In the World War [WW-I] a mere handful garnered the profits of the conflict. At least 21,000 new
millionaires and billionaires were made in the United States during the World War. That
many admitted their huge blood gains in their income tax returns. How many other war
millionaires falsified their tax returns no one knows.
How many of these war millionaires shouldered a rifle? How many of them dug a trench?
How many of them knew what it meant to go hungry in a rat-infested dug-out? How many of
them spent sleepless, frightened nights, ducking shells and shrapnel and machine gun
bullets? How many of them parried a bayonet thrust of an enemy? How many of them were
wounded or killed in battle?
Out of war nations acquire additional territory, if they are victorious. They just take it. This
newly acquired territory promptly is exploited by the few—the selfsame few who wrung
dollars out of blood in the war. The general public shoulders the bill.
And what is this bill?
This bill renders a horrible accounting. Newly placed gravestones. Mangled bodies.
Shattered minds. Broken hearts and homes. Economic instability. Depression and all its
attendant miseries. Back-breaking taxation for generations and generations.
For a great many years, as a soldier, I had a suspicion that war was a racket; not until I
retired to civil life did I fully realize it. Now that I see the international war clouds gathering,
as they are today, I must face it and speak out.
Again they are choosing sides. France and Russia met and agreed to stand side by side. Italy
and Austria hurried to make a similar agreement. Poland and Germany cast sheep's eyes at
each other, forgetting for the nonce [one unique occasion], their dispute over the Pohsh
Corridor.
The assassination of King Alexander of Jugoslavia [Yugoslavia] complicated matters.
Jugoslavia and Hungary, long bitter enemies, were almost at each other's throats. Italy was
ready to jump in. But France was waiting. So was Czechoslovakia. All of them are looking
ahead to war. Not the people—not those who fight and pay and die—only those who foment
wars and remain safely at home to profit.
There are 40,000,000 men under arms in the world today, and our statesmen and diplomats
have the temerity to say that war is not in the making.
Hell's bells! Are these 40,000,000 men being trained to be dancers?
Not in Italy, to be sure. Premier Mussolini knows what they are being trained for. He, at
least, is frank enough to speak out. Only the other day, II Duce in "International
Conciliation," the publication of the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, said:
"And above all. Fascism, the more it considers and observes the future and the development of
humanity quite apart from political considerations of the moment, believes neither in the
possibility nor the utility of perpetual peace…. War alone brings up to its highest tension all
human energy and puts the stamp of nobiUty upon the people who have the courage to meet it."
Undoubtedly Mussolini means exactly what he says. His well-trained army, his great fleet of
planes, and even his navy are ready for war—anxious for it, apparently. His recent stand at
the side of Hungary in the latter' s dispute with Jugoslavia showed that. And the hurried
mobilization of his troops on the Austrian border after the assassination of DoUfuss showed
it too. There are others in Europe too whose sabre rattling presages war, sooner or later.
Herr Hitler, with his rearming Germany and his constant demands for more and more arms,
is an equal if not greater menace to peace. France only recently increased the term of
military service for its youth from a year to eighteen months.
Yes, all over, nations are camping in their arms. The mad dogs of Europe are on the loose. In
the Orient the maneuvering is more adroit. Back in 1904, when Russia and Japan fought, we
kicked out our old friends the Russians and backed Japan. Then our very generous
international bankers were financing Japan. Now the trend is to poison us against the
Japanese. What does the "open door" policy to China mean to us? Our trade with China is
about $90,000,000 a year. Or the Philippine Islands? We have spent about $600,000,000 in
the Philippines in thirty-five years and we (our bankers and industrialists and speculators)
have private investments there of less than $200,000,000.
Then, to save that China trade of about $90,000,000, or to protect these private investments
of less than $200,000,000 in the Philippines, we would be all stirred up to hate Japan and go
to war—a war that might well cost us tens of billions of dollars, hundreds of thousands of
lives of Americans, and many more hundreds of thousands of physically maimed and
mentally unbalanced men.
Of course, for this loss, there would be a compensating profit—fortunes would be made.
Millions and billions of dollars would be piled up. By a few. Munitions makers. Bankers.
Ship builders. Manufacturers. Meat packers. Speculators. They would fare well.
Yes, they are getting ready for another war. Why shouldn't they? It pays high dividends.
But what does it profit the men who are killed? What does it profit their mothers and sisters,
their wives and their sweethearts? What does it profit their children?
What does it profit anyone except the very few to whom war means huge profits?
Yes, and what does it profit the nation?
Take our own case. Until 1898 we didn't own a bit of territory outside the mainland of North
America. At that time our national debt was a little more than $1,000,000,000. Then we
became "internationally minded." We forgot, or shunted aside, the advice of the Father of
our country. We forgot George Washington's warning about "entangling alliances." We went
to war. We acquired outside territory. At the end of the World War period, as a direct result
of our fiddling in international affairs, our national debt had jumped to over
$25,000,000,000. Our total favorable trade balance during the twenty-five-year period was
about $24,000,000,000. Therefore, on a purely bookkeeping basis, we ran a little behind year
for year, and that foreign trade might well have been ours without the wars.
It would have been far cheaper (not to say safer) for the average American who pays the bills
to stay out of foreign entanglements. For a very few this racket, like bootlegging and other
underworld rackets, brings fancy profits, but the cost of operations is always transferred to
the people—who do not profit.
Who Makes The Profits?
The World War, rather our brief participation in it, has cost the United States some
$52,000,000,000. Figure it out. That means $400 to every American man, woman, and child.
And we haven't paid the debt yet. We are paying it, our children will pay it, and our
children's children probably still will be paying the cost of that war.
The normal profits of a business concern in the United States are six, eight, ten, and
sometimes twelve percent. But war-time profits—ah! that is another matter—twenty, sixty,
one hundred, three hundred, and even eighteen hundred per cent—the sky is the limit. All
that traffic will bear. Uncle Sam has the money. Let's get it.
Of course, it isn't put that crudely in war time. It is dressed into speeches about patriotism,
love of country, and "we must all put our shoulders to the wheel," but the profits jump and
leap and skyrocket—and are safely pocketed. Let's just take a few examples:
Take our friends the du Fonts, the powder people—didn't one of them testify before a
Senate committee recently that their powder won the war? Or saved the world for
democracy? Or something? How did they do in the war? They were a patriotic corporation.
Well, the average earnings of the du Fonts for the period 1910 to 1914 were $6,000,000 a
year. It wasn't much, but the du Fonts managed to get along on it. Now let's look at their
average yearly profit during the war years, 1914 to 1918. Fifty-eight million dollars a year
profit we find! Nearly ten times that of normal times, and the profits of normal times were
pretty good. An increase in profits of more than 950 per cent.
Take one of our little steel companies that patriotically shunted aside the making of rails and
girders and bridges to manufacture war materials. Well, their 1910-1914 yearly earnings
averaged $6,000,000. Then came the war. And, like loyal citizens, Bethlehem Steel promptly
turned to munitions making. Did their profits jump—or did they let Uncle Sam in for a
bargain? Well, their 1914-1918 average was $49,000,000 a year!
Or, let's take United States Steel. The normal earnings during the five-year period prior to
the war were $105,000,000 a year. Not bad. Then along came the war and up went the
profits. The average yearly profit for the period 1914-1918 was $240,000,000. Not bad.
There you have some of the steel and powder earnings. Let's look at something else. A little
copper, perhaps. That always does well in war times.
Anaconda, for instance. Average yearly earnings during the pre-war years 1910-1914 of
$10,000,000. During the war years 1914-1918 profits leaped to $34,000,000 per year.
Or Utah Copper. Average of $5,000,000 per year during the 1910-1914 period. Jumped to an
average of $21,000,000 yearly profits for the war period.
Let's group these five, with three smaller companies. The total yearly average profits of the
pre-war period 1910-1914 were $137,480,000. Then along came the war. The average yearly
profits for this group skyrocketed to $408,300,000.
A little increase in profits of approximately 200 per cent.
Does war pay? It paid them. But they aren't the only ones. There are still others. Let's take
leather.
For the three-year period before the war the total profits of Central Leather Company were
$3,500,000. That was approximately $1,167,000 a year. Well, in 1916 Central Leather
returned a profit of $15,000,000, a small increase of 1,100 per cent. That's all. The General
Chemical Company averaged a profit for the three years before the war of a little over
$800,000 a year. Came the war, and the profits jumped to $12,000,000. a leap of 1,400 per
cent.
International Nickel Company—and you can't have a war without nickel—showed an
increase in profits from a mere average of $4,000,000 a year to $73,000,000 yearly. Not bad?
An increase of more than 1,700 per cent.
American Sugar Refining Company averaged $2,000,000 a year for the three years before
the war. In 1916 a profit of $6,000,000 was recorded.
Listen to Senate Document No. 259. The Sixty-Fifth Congress, reporting on corporate
earnings and government revenues. Considering the profits of 122 meat packers, 153 cotton
manufacturers, 299 garment makers, 49 steel plants, and 340 coal producers during the war.
Profits under 25 per cent were exceptional. For instance the coal companies made between
100 per cent and 7,856 per cent on their capital stock during the war. The Chicago packers
doubled and tripled their earnings.
And let us not forget the bankers who financed the great war. If anyone had the cream of the
profits it was the bankers. Being partnerships rather than incorporated organizations, they do
not have to report to stockholders. And their profits were as secret as they were immense.
How the bankers made their millions and their billions I do not know, because those little
secrets never become public—even before a Senate investigatory body.
But here's how some of the other patriotic industrialists and speculators chiseled their way
into war profits.
Take the shoe people. They like war. It brings business with abnormal profits. They made
huge profits on sales abroad to our allies. Perhaps, like the munitions manufacturers and
armament makers, they also sold to the enemy. For a dollar is a dollar whether it comes from
Germany or from France. But they did well by Uncle Sam too. For instance, they sold Uncle
Sam 35,000,000 pairs of hobnailed service shoes. There were 4,000,000 soldiers. Eight pairs,
and more, to a soldier. My regiment during the war had only one pair to a soldier. Some of
these shoes probably are still in existence. They were good shoes. But when the war was
over Uncle Sam has a matter of 25,000,000 pairs left over. Bought—and paid for. Profits
recorded and pocketed.
There was still lots of leather left. So the leather people sold your Uncle Sam hundreds of
thousands of McClellan saddles for the cavalry. But there wasn't any American cavalry
overseas! Somebody had to get rid of this leather, however. Somebody had to make a profit
in it—so we had a lot of McClellan saddles. And we probably have those yet.
Also somebody had a lot of mosquito netting. They sold your Uncle Sam 20,000,000
mosquito nets for the use of the soldiers overseas. I suppose the boys were expected to put it
over them as they tried to sleep in muddy trenches—one hand scratching cooties on their
backs and the other making passes at scurrying rats. Well, not one of these mosquito nets
ever got to France!
Anyhow, these thoughtful manufacturers wanted to make sure that no soldier would be
without his mosquito net, so 40,000,000 additional yards of mosquito netting were sold to
Uncle Sam.
There were pretty good profits in mosquito netting in those days, even if there were no
mosquitoes in France. I suppose, if the war had lasted just a httle longer, the enterprising
mosquito netting manufacturers would have sold your Uncle Sam a couple of consignments
of mosquitoes to plant in France so that more mosquito netting would be in order.
Airplane and engine manufacturers felt they, too, should get their just profits out of this war.
Why not? Everybody else was getting theirs. So $1,000,000,000—count them if you live
long enough—was spent by Uncle Sam in building airplane engines that never left the
ground! Not one plane, or motor, out of the billion dollars worth ordered, ever got into a
battle in France. Just the same the manufacturers made their little profit of 30, 100, or
perhaps 300 per cent.
Undershirts for soldiers cost 140 [cents] to make and uncle Sam paid 300 to 400 each for
them—a nice little profit for the undershirt manufacturer. And the stocking manufacturer
and the uniform manufacturers and the cap manufacturers and the steel helmet manufacturers
-- all got theirs.
Why, when the war was over some 4,000,000 sets of equipment—knapsacks and the things
that go to fill them—crammed warehouses on this side. Now they are being scrapped
because the regulations have changed the contents. But the manufacturers collected their
wartime profits on them—and they will do it all over again the next time.
There were lots of brilliant ideas for profit making during the war.
One very versatile patriot sold Uncle Sam twelve dozen 48-inch wrenches. Oh, they were
very nice wrenches. The only trouble was that there was only one nut ever made that was
large enough for these wrenches. That is the one that holds the turbines at Niagara Falls.
Well, after Uncle Sam had bought them and the manufacturer had pocketed the profit, the
wrenches were put on freight cars and shunted all around the United States in an effort to
find a use for them. When the Armistice was signed it was indeed a sad blow to the wrench
manufacturer. He was just about to make some nuts to fit the wrenches. Then he planned to
sell these, too, to your Uncle Sam.
Still another had the brilliant idea that colonels shouldn't ride in automobiles, nor should
they even ride on horseback. One has probably seen a picture of Andy Jackson riding in a
buckboard. Well, some 6,000 buckboards were sold to Uncle Sam for the use of colonels!
Not one of them was used. But the buckboard manufacturer got his war profit.
The shipbuilders felt they should come in on some of it, too. They built a lot of ships that
made a lot of profit. More than $3,000,000,000 worth. Some of the ships were all right. But
$635,000,000 worth of them were made of wood and wouldn't float! The seams opened up—and
they sank. We paid for them, though. And somebody pocketed the profits.
It has been estimated by statisticians and economists and researchers that the war cost your
Uncle Sam $52,000,000,000. Of this sum, $39,000,000,000 was expended in the actual war
itself. This expenditure yielded $16,000,000,000 in profits. That is how the 21,000
billionaires and millionaires got that way. This $16,000,000,000 profits is not to be sneezed
at. It is quite a tidy sum. And it went to a very few.
The Senate (Nye) committee probe of the munitions industry and its wartime profits, despite
its sensational disclosures, hardly has scratched the surface.
Even so, it has had some effect. The State Department has been studying "for some time"
methods of keeping out of war. The War Department suddenly decides it has a wonderful
plan to spring. The Administration names a committee—with the War and Navy
Departments ably represented under the chairmanship of a Wall Street speculator—to hmit
profits in war time. To what extent isn't suggested. Hmmm. Possibly the profits of 300 and
600 and 1,600 per cent of those who turned blood into gold in the World War would be
limited to some smaller figure.
Apparently, however, the plan does not call for any limitation of losses—that is, the losses
of those who fight the war. As far as I have been able to ascertain there is nothing in the
scheme to limit a soldier to the loss of but one eye, or one arm, or to limit his wounds to one
or two or three. Or to limit the loss of life.
There is nothing in this scheme, apparently, that says not more than 12 per cent of a regiment
shall be wounded in battle, or that not more than 7 per cent in a division shall be killed.
Of course, the committee cannot be bothered with such trifling matters.
Who Pays The Bills?
Who provides the profits—these nice little profits of 20, 100, 300, 1,500 and 1,800 per cent?
We all pay them—in taxation. We paid the bankers their profits when we bought Liberty
Bonds at $100.00 and sold them back at $84 or $86 to the bankers. These bankers collected
$100 plus. It was a simple manipulation. The bankers control the security marts. It was easy
for them to depress the price of these bonds. Then all of us—the people—got frightened and
sold the bonds at $84 or $86. The bankers bought them. Then these same bankers stimulated
a boom and government bonds went to par—and above. Then the bankers collected their
profits.
But the soldier pays the biggest part of the bill.
If you don't believe this, visit the American cemeteries on the battlefields abroad. Or visit
any of the veteran's hospitals in the United States. On a tour of the country, in the midst of
which I am at the time of this writing, I have visited eighteen government hospitals for
veterans. In them are a total of about 50,000 destroyed men—men who were the pick of the
nation eighteen years ago. The very able chief surgeon at the government hospital; at
Milwaukee, where there are 3,800 of the living dead, told me that mortality among veterans
is three times as great as among those who stayed at home.
Boys with a normal viewpoint were taken out of the fields and offices and factories and
classrooms and put into the ranks. There they were remolded; they were made over; they
were made to "about face"; to regard murder as the order of the day. They were put shoulder
to shoulder and, through mass psychology, they were entirely changed. We used them for a
couple of years and trained them to think nothing at all of killing or of being killed.
Then, suddenly, we discharged them and told them to make another "about face" ! This time
they had to do their own readjustment, sans [without] mass psychology, sans officers' aid
and advice and sans nation-wide propaganda. We didn't need them any more. So we
scattered them about without any "three-minute" or "Liberty Loan" speeches or parades.
Many, too many, of these fine young boys are eventually destroyed, mentally, because they
could not make that final "about face" alone.
In the government hospital in Marion, Indiana, 1,800 of these boys are in pens! Five hundred
of them in a barracks with steel bars and wires all around outside the buildings and on the
porches. These already have been mentally destroyed. These boys don't even look like
human beings. Oh, the looks on their faces! Physically, they are in good shape; mentally,
they are gone.
There are thousands and thousands of these cases, and more and more are coming in all the
time. The tremendous excitement of the war, the sudden cutting off of that excitement—the
young boys couldn't stand it.
That's a part of the bill. So much for the dead—they have paid their part of the war profits.
So much for the mentally and physically wounded—they are paying now their share of the
war profits. But the others paid, too—they paid with heartbreaks when they tore themselves
away from their firesides and their families to don the uniform of Uncle Sam—on which a
profit had been made. They paid another part in the training camps where they were
regimented and drilled while others took their jobs and their places in the lives of their
communities. The paid for it in the trenches where they shot and were shot; where they were
hungry for days at a time; where they slept in the mud and the cold and in the rain—with the
moans and shrieks of the dying for a horrible lullaby.
But don't forget—the soldier paid part of the dollars and cents bill too.
Up to and including the Spanish-American War, we had a prize system, and soldiers and
sailors fought for money. During the Civil War they were paid bonuses, in many instances,
before they went into service. The government, or states, paid as high as $1,200 for an
enlistment. In the Spanish-American War they gave prize money. When we captured any
vessels, the soldiers all got their share—at least, they were supposed to. Then it was found
that we could reduce the cost of wars by taking all the prize money and keeping it, but
conscripting [drafting] the soldier anyway. Then soldiers couldn't bargain for their labor.
Everyone else could bargain, but the soldier couldn't.
Napoleon once said,
"All men are enamored of decorations… they positively hunger for them."
So by developing the Napoleonic system—the medal business—the government learned it
could get soldiers for less money, because the boys liked to be decorated. Until the Civil War
there were no medals. Then the Congressional Medal of Honor was handed out. It made
enlistments easier. After the Civil War no new medals were issued until the
Spanish- American War.
In the World War, we used propaganda to make the boys accept conscription. They were
made to feel ashamed if they didn't join the army.
So vicious was this war propaganda that even God was brought into it. With few exceptions
our clergymen joined in the clamor to kill, kill, kill. To kill the Germans. God is on our
side… it is His will that the Germans be killed.
And in Germany, the good pastors called upon the Germans to kill the aUies ... to please the
same God. That was a part of the general propaganda, built up to make people war conscious
and murder conscious.
Beautiful ideals were painted for our boys who were sent out to die. This was the "war to end
all wars." This was the "war to make the world safe for democracy." No one mentioned to
them, as they marched away, that their going and their dying would mean huge war profits.
No one told these American soldiers that they might be shot down by bullets made by their
own brothers here. No one told them that the ships on which they were going to cross might
be torpedoed by submarines built with United States patents. They were just told it was to be
a "glorious adventure."
Thus, having stuffed patriotism down their throats, it was decided to make them help pay for
the war, too. So, we gave them the large salary of $30 a month.
All they had to do for this munificent sum was to leave their dear ones behind, give up their
jobs, lie in swampy trenches, eat canned willy (when they could get it) and kill and kill and
kill… and be killed.
But wait!
Half of that wage (just a little more than a riveter in a shipyard or a laborer in a munitions
factory safe at home made in a day) was promptly taken from him to support his dependents,
so that they would not become a charge upon his community. Then we made him pay what
amounted to accident insurance—something the employer pays for in an enlightened
state—and that cost him $6 a month. He had less than $9 a month left.
Then, the most crowning insolence of all—he was virtually blackjacked into paying for his
own ammunition, clothing, and food by being made to buy Liberty Bonds. Most soldiers got
no money at all on pay days.
We made them buy Liberty Bonds at $100 and then we bought them back—when they came
back from the war and couldn't find work—at $84 and $86. And the soldiers bought about
$2,000,000,000 worth of these bonds!
Yes, the soldier pays the greater part of the bill. His family pays too. They pay it in the same
heart-break that he does. As he suffers, they suffer. At nights, as he lay in the trenches and
watched shrapnel burst about him, they lay home in their beds and tossed sleeplessly—his
father, his mother, his wife, his sisters, his brothers, his sons, and his daughters.
When he returned home minus an eye, or minus a leg or with his mind broken, they suffered
too—as much as and even sometimes more than he. Yes, and they, too, contributed their
dollars to the profits of the munitions makers and bankers and shipbuilders and the
manufacturers and the speculators made. They, too, bought Liberty Bonds and contributed to
the profit of the bankers after the Armistice in the hocus-pocus of manipulated Liberty Bond
prices.
And even now the families of the wounded men and of the mentally broken and those who
never were able to readjust themselves are still suffering and still paying.
How To Smash This Racket!
WELL, it's a racket, all right.
A few profit—and the many pay. But there is a way to stop it. You can't end it by
disarmament conferences. You can't eliminate it by peace parleys at Geneva. Well-meaning
but impractical groups can't wipe it out by resolutions. It can be smashed effectively only by
taking the profit out of war.
The only way to smash this racket is to conscript capital and industry and labor before the
nations manhood can be conscripted. One month before the Government can conscript the
young men of the nation—it must conscript capital and industry and labor. Let the officers
and the directors and the high-powered executives of our armament factories and our
munitions makers and our shipbuilders and our airplane builders and the manufacturers of all
the other things that provide profit in war time as well as the bankers and the speculators, be
conscripted—to get $30 a month, the same wage as the lads in the trenches get.
Let the workers in these plants get the same wages—all the workers, all presidents, all
executives, all directors, all managers, all bankers—yes, and all generals and all admirals
and all officers and all politicians and all government office holders—everyone in the nation
be restricted to a total monthly income not to exceed that paid to the soldier in the trenches!
Let all these kings and tycoons and masters of business and all those workers in industry and
all our senators and governors and majors pay half of their monthly $30 wage to their
families and pay war risk insurance and buy Liberty Bonds.
Why shouldn't they?
They aren't running any risk of being killed or of having their bodies mangled or their minds
shattered. They aren't sleeping in muddy trenches. They aren't hungry. The soldiers are!
Give capital and industry and labor thirty days to think it over and you will find, by that time,
there will be no war. That will smash the war racket—that and nothing else.
Maybe I am a little too optimistic. Capital still has some say. So capital won't permit the
taking of the profit out of war until the people—those who do the suffering and still pay the
price—make up their minds that those they elect to office shall do their bidding, and not that
of the profiteers.
Another step necessary in this fight to smash the war racket is the limited plebiscite to
determine whether a war should be declared. A plebiscite not of all the voters but merely of
those who would be called upon to do the fighting and dying. There wouldn't be very much
sense in having a 76-year-old president of a munitions factory or the flat-footed head of an
international banking firm or the cross-eyed manager of a uniform manufacturing plant—all
of whom see visions of tremendous profits in the event of war—voting on whether the
nation should go to war or not. They never would be called upon to shoulder arms—to sleep
in a trench and to be shot. Only those who would be called upon to risk their lives for their
country should have the privilege of voting to determine whether the nation should go to
war.
There is ample precedent for restricting the voting to those affected. Many of our states have
restrictions on those permitted to vote. In most, it is necessary to be able to read and write
before you may vote. In some, you must own property. It would be a simple matter each year
for the men coming of military age to register in their communities as they did in the draft
during the World War and be examined physically. Those who could pass and who would
therefore be called upon to bear arms in the event of war would be ehgible to vote in a
limited plebiscite. They should be the ones to have the power to decide—and not a Congress
few of whose members are within the age limit and fewer still of whom are in physical
condition to bear arms. Only those who must suffer should have the right to vote.
A third step in this business of smashing the war racket is to make certain that our military
forces are truly forces for defense only.
At each session of Congress the question of further naval appropriations comes up. The
swivel-chair admirals of Washington (and there are always a lot of them) are very adroit
lobbyists. And they are smart. They don't shout that "We need a lot of battleships to war on
this nation or that nation." Oh no. First of all, they let it be known that America is menaced
by a great naval power. Almost any day, these admirals will tell you, the great fleet of this
supposed enemy will strike suddenly and annihilate 125,000,000 people. Just like that. Then
they begin to cry for a larger navy. For what? To fight the enemy? Oh my, no. Oh, no. For
defense purposes only.
Then, incidentally, they announce maneuvers in the Pacific. For defense. Uh, huh.
The Pacific is a great big ocean. We have a tremendous coastline on the Pacific. Will the
maneuvers be off the coast, two or three hundred miles? Oh, no. The maneuvers will be two
thousand, yes, perhaps even thirty-five hundred miles, off the coast.
The Japanese, a proud people, of course will be pleased beyond expression to see the united
States fleet so close to Nippon's shores. Even as pleased as would be the residents of
California were they to dimly discern through the morning mist, the Japanese fleet playing at
war games off Los Angeles.
The ships of our navy, it can be seen, should be specifically hmited, by law, to within 200
miles of our coastline. Had that been the law in 1898 the Maine would never have gone to
Havana Harbor. She never would have been blown up. There would have been no war with
Spain with its attendant loss of life. Two hundred miles is ample, in the opinion of experts,
for defense purposes. Our nation cannot start an offensive war if its ships can't go further
than 200 miles from the coastline. Planes might be permitted to go as far as 500 miles from
the coast for purposes of reconnaissance. And the army should never leave the territorial
limits of our nation.
To summarize: Three steps must be taken to smash the war racket.
1. We must take the profit out of war.
2. We must permit the youth of the land who would bear arms to decide whether or not
there should be war.
3. We must limit our military forces to home defense purposes.
To Hell With War!
I am not a fool as to believe that war is a thing of the past. I know the people do not want
war, but there is no use in saying we cannot be pushed into another war.
Looking back, Woodrow Wilson was re-elected president in 1916 on a platform that he had
"kept us out of war" and on the implied promise that he would "keep us out of war." Yet,
five months later he asked Congress to declare war on Germany.
In that five-month interval the people had not been asked whether they had changed their
minds. The 4,000,000 young men who put on uniforms and marched or sailed away were not
asked whether they wanted to go forth to suffer and die.
Then what caused our government to change its mind so suddenly?
Money.
An allied commission, it may be recalled, came over shortly before the war declaration and
called on the President. The President summoned a group of advisers. The head of the
commission spoke. Stripped of its diplomatic language, this is what he told the President and
his group:
"There is no use kidding ourselves any longer. The cause of the allies is lost. We now owe you
(American bankers, American munitions makers, American manufacturers, American
speculators, American exporters) five or six billion dollars.
If we lose (and without the help of the United States we must lose) we, England, France and
Italy, cannot pay back this money… and Germany won't.
So…"
Had secrecy been outlawed as far as war negotiations were concerned, and had the press
been invited to be present at that conference, or had radio been available to broadcast the
proceedings, America never would have entered the World War. But this conference, like all
war discussions, was shrouded in utmost secrecy. When our boys were sent off to war they
were told it was a "war to make the world safe for democracy" and a "war to end all wars."
Well, eighteen years after, the world has less of democracy than it had then. Besides, what
business is it of ours whether Russia or Germany or England or France or Italy or Austria
live under democracies or monarchies? Whether they are Fascists or Communists? Our
problem is to preserve our own democracy.
And very little, if anything, has been accomplished to assure us that the World War was
really the war to end all wars.
Yes, we have had disarmament conferences and limitations of arms conferences. They don't
mean a thing. One has just failed; the results of another have been nullified. We send our
professional soldiers and our sailors and our politicians and our diplomats to these
conferences. And what happens?
The professional soldiers and sailors don't want to disarm. No admiral wants to be without a
ship. No general wants to be without a command. Both mean men without jobs. They are not
for disarmament. They cannot be for limitations of arms. And at all these conferences,
lurking in the background but all-powerful, just the same, are the sinister agents of those who
profit by war. They see to it that these conferences do not disarm or seriously limit
armaments.
The chief aim of any power at any of these conferences has not been to achieve disarmament
to prevent war but rather to get more armament for itself and less for any potential foe.
There is only one way to disarm with any semblance of practicability. That is for all nations
to get together and scrap every ship, every gun, every rifle, every tank, every war plane.
Even this, if it were possible, would not be enough.
The next war, according to experts, will be fought not with battleships, not by artillery, not
with rifles and not with machine guns. It will be fought with deadly chemicals and gases.
Secretly each nation is studying and perfecting newer and ghastlier means of annihilating its
foes wholesale. Yes, ships will continue to be built, for the shipbuilders must make their
profits. And guns still will be manufactured and powder and rifles will be made, for the
munitions makers must make their huge profits. And the soldiers, of course, must wear
uniforms, for the manufacturer must make their war profits too.
But victory or defeat will be determined by the skill and ingenuity of our scientists.
If we put them to work making poison gas and more and more fiendish mechanical and
explosive instruments of destruction, they will have no time for the constructive job of
building greater prosperity for all peoples. By putting them to this useful job, we can all
make more money out of peace than we can out of war—even the munitions makers.
So… I say,
TO HELL WITH WAR!
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