Special to L. Neil Smith’s The Libertarian Enterprise

With "the Withering Away of the State" as the explicit goal, the world-wide socialist revolutions in the early decades of the 20th Century had the right idea. Instead, they nearly all ended up with the most repressive murderous totalitarian states in human history. What went wrong?

They made at least two major mistakes, both relevant today. The first is obvious to nearly everyone except modern establishment economists.

1. The socialists didn't understand the necessity of private property, trade, markets, competition, and so-called "profit" -- especially among strangers -- to discourage waste, motivate technological evolution and thus prosperity -- and to constantly guide production into what folks will voluntarily trade for as the world changes and evolves.

The second major mistake the socialists made is more subtle -- and it's not just socialists that make it.

A small percentage of humans are genetic throwbacks to our hierarchical relatives (baboons, gorillas, chimps, etc.) -- and their genes often cause some of them to lie, cheat, steal, intimidate, and sometimes murder their way into hierarchical power positions. Some of us are aware this is characteristic of modern societies but have come to think that's normal. It isn't.

In our small ancestral groups, this tendency was well-known. Folks with hierarchical tendencies were explicitly recognized and kept under control. They had limited value in some situations. Many could kill without compunction and so they were useful in the rare cases warfare wasn't avoided and in a few other emergency situations - - -

"Read says that groups are delighted to have the aggressive man as a warrior, for he fights well and commands well in battle. However: 'the precipitate, compulsive individual may be a constant source of irritation or disruption in his own group, where the use of force or the threat to use force is proscribed under the ideal of group consensus.'"
--Christopher Boehm, Hierarchy in the Forest[italics emphasis added]

Others of this type, lacking a debilitating level of compassion -- and thus capable of objectivity in the face of injury and death -- could doctor folks without being overwhelmed by PTSD. And so forth.

In extreme cases, however, our ancestors would take extreme measures. As Shawnee/Renape Steve L. explained it to me,

L Reichard White: What happened to folks like that in tribes, Steve?

Steve L.: accidents Rick...'accidents' usually by someone in their own clan to avoid clan justice stuff

Steve calls them "wiindigo." One Yupik Inuit tribe has a different name for such folks: "kunlangeta." And completely congruent with Steve's observations, when asked what a tribe would do about a "kunglangeta," the answer was, "Somebody would have pushed him off the ice when nobody else was looking." We pale-face also have a name that sometimes fits: "Psychopath" -- or, a little milder, "sociopath."

There's also evidence that a parallel and complimentary distaste for aggression, centralized control, persistent hierarchical leaders and other free-riders is closely related and also genetic - - -

"If we move to the Busama of New Guinea, Hogbin believes that men are actually reluctant to step into a leadership role. The same is widely reported for other culture areas. As inferred from the ethos, such reluctance is itself a desirable trait: egalitarians are innately suspicious of power-hungry individuals."
--(Boehm 1999:109)

You can find a much more thorough development of that idea in The HI-JACKING of Civilization, Chapter 3, Hierarchy and Leadership? Not in MY Group You Don't!

You can see the tension between the wiindigo | kunlangeta | psychopath and the rest of us most clearly in small tribal groups.

"Elkin(1940:251) reports that Arapaho mounted hunters in North America expected their chiefs to be strong with respect to whites but humble at home, whereas the chiefs hated their own unassuming role."
--(Boehm 1999:71) [italics emphasis added -lrw]

On the other hand as Steve L. put it, especially in larger groups, "Vacancys of perceived power end up being taken over by psychopaths. The pattern shows thru out history." Wiser western observers also recognized the problem - - -

"All men having power ought to be mistrusted."
--U.S. Founding Father James Madison

"There are men in all ages who mean to govern well, but they mean to govern. They promise to be good masters, but they mean to be masters."
--Daniel Webster

"Political tags -- such as royalist, communist, democrat, populist, fascist, liberal, conservative, and so forth -- are never basic criteria. The human race divides politically into those who want people to be controlled and those who have no such desire."
--Robert A. Heinlein

"... the most improper job of any man, even saints (who at any rate were at least unwilling to take it on), is bossing other men. Not one in a million is fit to it, and least of all those who seek the opportunity."
--The Letters of J.R.R. Tolkien

"And he [Lew Rockwell] reminds me of what [St.] Augustine wrote about when he talked about 'libido dominandi.' ...This is the lust to dominate. This is the thing in human nature that draws people to the government."
--Judge Andrew P. Napolitano

And this kind of control and power is addicting, especially to folks who have the genes for it - - -

"Those who have been intoxicated with power... can never willingly abandon it."
--Edmund Burke

"This must be said: There are too many 'great' men in the world--legislators, organizers, do-gooders, leaders of the people, fathers of nations, and so on, and so on. Too many persons place themselves above mankind; they make a career of organizing it, patronizing it, and ruling it"
--Frederic Bastiat in "The Law"

"You cannot reason with a dog with rabies, and once a human goes wiindigo there isnt any record of one being 'reasoned' back into being human...."
--Steve L.

And they're sneaky about it - - -

"In order to become the master, the politician poses as a servant."
--French President Charles De Gaulle

"The urge to save humanity is almost always a false front for the urge to rule."
--H. L. Mencken

"I believe there are more instances of the abridgement of the freedom of the people by gradual and silent encroachments of those in power than by violent and sudden usurpations."
--James Madison

This then, is the over-all problem:

"All governments suffer a recurring problem: Power attracts pathological personalities. It is not that power corrupts but that it is magnetic to the corruptible."
--Frank Herbert, Dune

And if we let them get control, they're dangerous - - -

"And those who govern ought not to be lovers of the task. For, if they are, there will be rival lovers, and they will fight.
--Socrates

And insidious - - -

" Experience hath shewn, that even under the best forms of government those entrusted with power have, in time, and by slow operations, perverted it into tyranny.
--Thomas Jefferson

"When plunder becomes a way of life for a group of men in a society, over the course of time they create for themselves a legal system that authorizes it and a moral code that glorifies it."
--Frederic Bastiat

Fortunately, but recognized only by a few, such folks are a tiny minority. Only about one percent (1%) of us match the clinical criteria for "psychopath." Unfortunately, because humans are great imitators, when we become part of psychopathic organizations, an additional percentage of us learn to act as psychopaths. This is sometimes called "situational psychopathy." Until we understand what's going on, that's enough - - -

"Within any society, there appears to be a minority that thinks in terms of power and measures the worth of all actions in terms of whether they increase the personal reach of the actors and increase their capacity for control. This is why practically every society of any size is hierarchical, and why hierarchy is never eliminated, only replaced by a different hierarchy -- the same wine in a new bottle."
--Steven Yates

Embedded in that quote is another recognition of the group-size connection to the problem -- "practically every society of any size is hierarchical."

Unlike our smaller ancestral groups, sooner or later larger groups nearly always get hijacked by hierarchical wiindigos. And then stay that way. Which is why the socialist states didn't wither away. This also seems to be what's going wrong with the world-wide "Arab Spring" as well as "Occupy," and "Tea Party" revolutions so far.

The underlying and mostly unrecognized reason is almost certainly Dunbar's number. In essence, Dunbar's number is the theoretical number of folks who can keep in loose face-to-face contact over time and so know each other reasonably well. Well enough, for example, to recognize their wiindigo brothers and keep them under control.

Once groups larger than Dunbar's number develop -- or are imagined into existence -- as the size increases, it gets easier for the hierarchically inclined "wiindigos" to hide their true nature, gather a group of like-minded thugs and/or pull a De Gaulle.

Once this change occurs, sometimes called a "Great Transition," the character of society begins to morph into the hierarchical mold. Not surprisingly, given the character of psychopaths, exploitation, violence and murder are integral to the result - - -

"States are violent institutions. States are violent to the extent that they're powerful is roughly accurate."
--Noam Chomsky

"The State represents violence in a concentrated and organized form. The individual has a soul, but as the State is a soulless machine, it can never be weaned from violence to which it owes its very existence."
--Mohandas K. Gandhi

The difference between the two modes of civilization is profound:

"I am convinced that those societies (as the Indians) which live without government enjoy in their general mass an infinitely greater degree of happiness than those who live under the European governments. Among the former, public opinion is in the place of law, and restrains morals as powerfully as laws ever did anywhere. Among the latter, under pretence of governing they have divided their nations into two classes, wolves and sheep. I do not exaggerate."
--Thomas Jefferson

Since most of us lack the genes to kill without compunction, etc., folks who become "situational psychopaths" by imitating the wiindigo often suffer serious personal consequences - - -